Plant Kingdome - ANGIOSPERMS | NCERT concept | Neet Concept | Biology

ANGIOSPERMS

• Angiosperms are seed plants in which seeds are formed inside fruits and the sporophylls are organised into flowers .
• Angiosperms are the most recently and highly evolved plants .
• Angiosperms are found in most environments on the earth .
• Plant body is sporophytic and represented by herbs , shrubs , trees , twiners , trailers , climbers , etc.
• Sporophytic plant body is differentiated into roots , stem and leaves .
• Depending upon the number of cotyledons ( embryonic leaves ) in the seeds , angiosperms are divided into two subgroups : dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants .
• Xylem contains vessels and phloem possesses sieve tubes and companion cells .
• Secondary growth occurs in root and stem of dicots .
• Sporophylls are aggregated to form flowers . Both microsporophylls and megasporophylls are specialised to form stamen and carpel producing male and female gametes respectively .
• Female gametophyte is represented by embryo sac . All the cells of embryo sac are haploid .
• Pollination takes place by several agencies such as air , water , birds , insects , bats , etc ..
• The flowers possess showy petals , edible pollen and nectar to attract various pollinating agents .
• Pollen grains or microspores reach stigmatic surface found at the tip of carpel or megasporophyll .
• Embryo sac develops upto 8 - nucleate state before fertilisation . There is a three cell egg apparatus , three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei .
• Double fertilisation is characteristic feature of angiosperms .
• One of the two male gametes , fuses with egg to form zygote while other fuses with central cell to form primary endosperm nucleus ( PEN ) .
• Zygote develops into embryo .
• Central cell containing triploid primary endosperm nucleus forms triploid endosperm .
• Endosperm provides nourishment to developing embryo .
• Synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilisation .
• Fertilised ovules ripen into seeds . The seeds are covered within fruits .
• A fruit is a ripened ovary which not only protects the seeds but also help in their dispersal .

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