Glycolysis is the process in Aerobic Respiration

Why is glycolysis important in aerobic respiration?
How does glycolysis depend on aerobic and anaerobic processes?
What is the purpose of the glycolysis?
What are the major features of glycolysis?

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Aerobic Respiration 

• All active cells respire continuously in order to get energy . The overall process of respiration is an oxidation - reduction reaction in which compounds are oxidised to CO₂ and the O₂ absorbed is reduced to form H₂O .
• The common respiration of glucose , can be written as follows : C6H1206 + 6026CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
• Aerobic respiration is an enzymatically controlled release of energy in a stepwise catabolic process of complete oxidation of organic food into carbon dioxide and water with oxygen acting as terminal oxidant .
• Aerobic respiration occurs by two methods - common pathway and pentose - phosphate pathway . The common pathway consists of three steps - glycolysis , Krebs ' cycle and terminal oxidation .
• Common pathway is known so because its first step , i.e. , glycolysis , is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration modes . Glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm . The Krebs ' cycle and electron transport take place in the mitochondria .
• Most living plant cells contain a few hundred mitochondria . Each mitochondrion contains circular DNA that has genetic information to produce a small percentage of its enzyme and is surrounded by a double membrane or envelope with an extensive inner membrane system . The inner membrane of mitochondrial envelope is highly convoluted , protruding into the interior matrix in tubelike patterns called cristae . Cristae contain most of the enzymes that catalyse steps of the electron - transport system that follow the Krebs ' cycle . The Krebs ' cycle reactions occur in the protein - rich matrix between the cristae .

GLYCOLYSIS

• The term glycolysis , meaning lysis of sugar , was introduced in 1909 to mean breakdown of sugars . Furthermore , the common sugars that are broken down are hexoses , So glycolysis has come to mean degradation of hexose sugars ( glucose , glucose - 1 - phosphate or fructose ) to pyruvic acid . It is a series of ten enzyme mediated reactions releasing some energy ( ATP ) and reducing power ( NADPH₂ )

Net Products of Glycolysis

• In glycolysis two molecules of ATP are consumed during double phosphorylation of glucose to form fructose 1,6-biphosphate. In return four molecules of ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation (conversion of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphenol pyruvate to pyruvate). Two molecules of NADH, are formed at the time of oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate. The net reaction is as follows:
• Glucose + 2NAD* + 2 ADP + 2H3PO4 → 2Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2H* + 2ATP
• Each NADH is equivalent to 3 ATP, so that the net gain in glycolysis is 8 ATP.

Significance of Glycolysis

• First enzymatic breakdown of glucose and formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid. Intermediates of glycolysis are used for synthesis of important biochemicals. For example, phosphoenolpyruvate yields shikimic acid which is used in synthesis of amino adids, tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine.
• Tryptophan is raw material for IAA synthesis. The amino acids are employed for synthesis of proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids and lignin. Similarly, pyruvic acid forms amino acid alanine.

Oxidation of Pyruvate : The Link Reaction

• Pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis does not enter the next step of citric acid cycle directly. Rather, it is transported from cytoplasm to mitochondria through a specific transport protein. In mitochondria, Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to produce CO, and NADH. The resultant product combines with sulphur containing coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA, in the presence of enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase.
• Pyruvate + NAD+ + COA Pyruvate denydrogenase, AcetylCOA + NADH + H+ + CO2

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